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How to Interact with Apache Zookeeper using Python?

In the Hadoop ecosystem, Apache Zookeeper plays an important role in coordination amongst distributed resources. Apart from being an important component of Hadoop, it is also a very good concept to learn for a system design interview.

What is Apache Zookeeper?

Apache ZooKeeper is a coordination tool to let people build distributed systems easier. In very simple words, it is a central data store of key-value pairs, using which distributed systems can coordinate. Since it needs to be able to handle the load, Zookeeper itself runs on many machines.

Zookeeper provides a simple set of primitives and it is very easy to program.

It is used for:

  • synchronization
  • locking
  • maintaining configuration
  • failover management.

It does not suffer from Race Conditions and Dead Locks.

Continue reading “How to Interact with Apache Zookeeper using Python?”

Bucketing- CLUSTERED BY and CLUSTER BY

The bucketing in Hive is a data-organising technique. It is used to decompose data into more manageable parts, known as buckets, which in result, improves the performance of the queries. It is similar to partitioning, but with an added functionality of hashing technique.

Introduction

Bucketing, a.k.a clustering is a technique to decompose data into buckets. In bucketing, Hive splits the data into a fixed number of buckets, according to a hash function over some set of columns. Hive ensures that all rows that have the same hash will be stored in the same bucket. However, a single bucket may contain multiple such groups.

For example, bucketing the data in 3 buckets will look like-

Continue reading “Bucketing- CLUSTERED BY and CLUSTER BY”

How does YARN interact with Zookeeper to support High Availability?

In the Hadoop ecosystem, YARN, short for Yet Another Resource negotiator, holds the responsibility of resource allocation and job scheduling/management. The Resource Manager(RM), one of the components of YARN, is primarily responsible for accomplishing these tasks of coordinating with the various nodes and interacting with the client.

To learn more about YARN, feel free to visit here.

Architecture of YARN

Hence, Resource Manager in YARN is a single point of failure – meaning, if the Resource Manager is down for some reason, the whole of the system gets disturbed due to interruption in the resource allocation or job management, and thus we cannot run any jobs on the cluster. 

To avoid this issue, we need to enable the High Availability(HA) feature in YARN. When HA is enabled, we run another Resource Manager parallelly on another node, and this is known as Standby Resource Manager. The idea is that, when the Active Resource Manager is down, the Standby Resource Manager becomes active, and ensures smooth operations on the cluster. And the process continues.

Continue reading “How does YARN interact with Zookeeper to support High Availability?”

How to design a large-scale system to process emails using multiple machines [Zookeeper Use Case Study]?

Introduction

As part of this blog we are going to discuss various ways of large scale system design and the pros-cons of each.

To get a fair understanding of this post, you should know what is distributed computing, what is deadlock and race conditions, locking in distributed systems and Zookeeper etc. Let’s get started.

Scenario

Consider a situation where we have an email inbox that consists of emails, and emails are to be processed. For example, processing those emails and classifying each of the emails as spam or non-spam. The other example of the processing could be we are indexing the email so that the search could be performed.

We have an email-processor program, running on various machines distributed physically from each other.

Email processor program running on distributed systems

Now these machines need to somehow coordinate such that:

  • No email is processed two times
  • No email is left unprocessed
Continue reading “How to design a large-scale system to process emails using multiple machines [Zookeeper Use Case Study]?”

Introduction to Apache Zookeeper

In the Hadoop ecosystem, Apache Zookeeper plays an important role in coordination amongst distributed resources. Apart from being an important component of Hadoop, it is also a very good concept to learn for a system design interview.

If you would prefer the videos with hands-on, feel free to jump in here.

Alright, so let’s get started.

Goals

In this post, we will understand the following:

  • What is Apache Zookeeper?
  • How Zookeeper achieves coordination?
  • Zookeeper Architecture
  • Zookeeper Data Model
  • Some Hands-on with Zookeeper
  • Election & Majority in Zookeeper
  • Zookeeper Sessions
  • Application of Zookeeper
  • What kind of guarantees does ZooKeeper provide?
  • Operations provided by Zookeeper
  • Zookeeper APIs
  • Zookeeper Watches
  • ACL in Zookeeper
  • Zookeeper Usecases
Continue reading “Introduction to Apache Zookeeper”

Distributed Computing with Locks

Introduction

Having known of the prevalence of BigData in real-world scenarios, it’s time for us to understand how they work. This is a very important topic in understanding the principles behind system design and coordination among machines in big data. So let’s dive in.

Scenario:

Consider a scenario where there is a resource of data, and there is a worker machine that has to accomplish some task using that resource. For example, this worker is to process the data by accessing that resource. Remember that the data source is having huge data; that is, the data to be processed for the task is very huge.

Continue reading “Distributed Computing with Locks”

Understanding Big Data Stack – Apache Hadoop and Spark

Introduction

There are many Big Data Solution stacks.

The first and most powerful stack is Apache Hadoop and Spark together. While Hadoop provides storage for structured and unstructured data, Spark provides the computational capability on top of Hadoop.

Continue reading “Understanding Big Data Stack – Apache Hadoop and Spark”

Introduction to Big Data and Distributed Systems

Introduction

As everyone knows, Big Data is a term of fascination in the present-day era of computing. It is in high demand in today’s IT industry and is believed to revolutionize technical solutions like never before.

Continue reading “Introduction to Big Data and Distributed Systems”